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More to know about the cancer

Leukemia

Leukemia is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and produce high numbers of abnormal blood cells. These blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells. Symptoms may include bleeding and bruising, bone pain, fatigue, fever, and an increased risk of infections.

Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, milk rejection, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin.

Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal Cancer, also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum. Signs and symptoms may include blood in the stool, a change in bowel movements, weight loss, abdominal pain and fatigue.

Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes. The name typically refers to just the cancerous versions rather than all such tumours. Signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, drenching sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, and constantly feeling tired.

Bladder Cancer

Bladder Cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in the bladder. These cells can grow to form a tumor, which eventually spreads, damaging the bladder and other organs. Most people with bladder cancer are diagnosed after noticing blood in their urine.

Lung Cancer

Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that begins in the lung. Lung cancer is caused by genetic damage to the DNA of cells in the airways, often caused by cigarette smoking or inhaling damaging chemicals.

Myeloma

Multiple myeloma, also known as plasma cell myeloma and simply myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that normally produces antibodies. Often, no symptoms are noticed initially. As it progresses, bone pain, anemia, renal insufficiency, and infections may occur.

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system below the bladder. Abnormal growth of the prostate tissue is usually detected through screening tests, typically blood tests that check for prostate-specific antigen levels.

Sarcoma

A sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that arises from cells of mesenchymal origin. Originating from mesenchymal cells means that sarcomas are cancers of connective tissues such as bone, cartilage, muscle, fat, or vascular tissues.

Cervical Cancer

Cervical Cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix or in any layer of the wall of the cervix. It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that can invade or spread to other parts of the body. Early on, typically no symptoms are seen.

Melanoma

Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer; it develops from the melanin-producing cells known as melanocytes. It typically occurs in the skin, but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye. In women, melanomas most commonly occur on the legs; while in men, on the back.

Anal cancer

Anal Cancer is a cancer which arises from the anus, the distal opening of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include bleeding from the anus or a lump near the anus. Other symptoms may include pain, itchiness, or discharge from the anus. A change in bowel movements may also occur.

Basal-cell carcinoma

Basal-cell carcinoma, also known as basal-cell cancer, basalioma or rodent ulcer, is the most common type of skin cancer. It often appears as a painless raised area of skin, which may be shiny with small blood vessels running over it. It may also present as a raised area with ulceration.

Brain Tumors

A brain tumor occurs when a group of cells within the brain turn cancerous and grow out of control, creating a mass. There are two main types of tumors: malignant tumors and benign tumors.

Carcinoma

Carcinoma is a malignancy that develops from epithelial cells. Specifically, a carcinoma is a cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body, and that arises from cells originating in the endodermal, mesodermal or ectodermal germ layer during embryogenesis.

Head And Neck Cancer

Head and neck cancer is a general term encompassing multiple cancers that can develop in the head and neck region. These include cancers of the mouth, tongue, gums and lips, voice box, throat, salivary glands, nose and sinuses.

Bone Tumor

A Bone Tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in bone, traditionally classified as noncancerous or cancerous. Cancerous bone tumors usually originate from a cancer in another part of the body such as from lung, breast, thyroid, kidney and prostate. There may be a lump, pain, or neurological signs from pressure.

Pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a mass. These cancerous cells have the ability to invade other parts of the body. A number of types of pancreatic cancer are known.

Adrenal Tumor

An Adrenal Tumor or adrenal mass is any benign or malignant neoplasms of the adrenal gland, several of which are notable for their ability to overproduce endocrine hormones.

Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal Cancer is cancer arising from the esophagus—the food pipe that runs between the throat and the stomach. Symptoms often include difficulty in swallowing and weight loss.

Kidney Cancer

Kidney Cancer, also known as renal cancer, is a group of cancers that starts in the kidney. Symptoms may include blood in the urine, a lump in the abdomen, or back pain. Fever, weight loss, and tiredness may also occur. Complications can include spread to the lungs or brain.

Liver Cancer

Liver Cancer, also known as hepatic cancer, primary hepatic cancer, or primary hepatic malignancy, is cancer that starts in the liver. Liver cancer can be primary in which the cancer starts in the liver, or it can be liver metastasis, or secondary, in which the cancer spreads from elsewhere in the body to the liver.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, is a group of blood cancers that includes all types of lymphomas except Hodgkin lymphomas. Symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and tiredness. Other symptoms may include bone pain, chest pain, or itchiness.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes. Symptoms may include feeling tired, pale skin color, fever, easy bleeding or bruising, enlarged lymph nodes, or bone pain.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ's)

Why is cancer called oncology?

The term “oncology” literally means the study of cancer (from “onco,” meaning tumor, and “-logy,” meaning study. The medical field of oncology comprises cancer research, screening, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and management of cancer survivors.

When do I need an oncologist?

If you have been diagnosed with cancer. When a person is diagnosed with cancer, they will likely be referred to a medical oncologist.

If cancer is suspected. In some cases, a surgical oncologist might be the first specialist a patient sees. Sometimes when cancer is suspected but not diagnosed, an oncologist might also be involved. Some people with blood disorders that may or may not be cancerous might be referred to a hematologist oncologist.

After you have completed cancer treatment. Many people will continue seeing their oncologist for follow-up appointments to check for signs of cancer coming back and to manage any side effects from treatment. Over time, these visits are often needed less often. You might also go back to only seeing your primary care doctor or other health care provider.

Oncology treatments encompass a range of modalities, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and hormone therapy, to target and destroy cancer cells or slow their growth. The specific treatment approach depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health.

What are the different types of Oncology specialties?

Many oncologists focus on specialty areas based on how cancer is treated:

Surgical oncologists treat cancer using surgery, including removing the tumor and nearby tissue during an operation. This type of surgeon can also perform certain types of biopsies to help diagnose cancer.
Medical oncologists treat cancer using medication, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.
Radiation oncologists treat cancer using radiation therapy, which is the use of high-energy x-rays or other particles to destroy cancer cells.

What are the types of Oncology Treatments.

Many Types of Oncology Treatments:

Surgery:Removal of cancer tumors or affected tissues.
Radiation Therapy:Using high-energy rays or particles to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors.
Chemotherapy:Using drugs to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth.
Targeted Therapy:Drugs that target specific genetic mutations or proteins in cancer cells, blocking their growth and spread.
Immunotherapy:Treatments that use the body’s immune system to fight cancer.
Hormone Therapy:Blocking or reducing the effects of hormones that can promote cancer growth.
Other Therapies:Stem cell transplants, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, and hyperthermia are also used in certain cases.

Surgical Oncology :

Open surgery:A large incision is made to remove all or part of a tumor, along with some surrounding healthy tissue.
Minimally invasive surgery:Shorter incisions are used, potentially reducing pain and recovery time.
Neoadjuvant therapy:Chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be given before surgery to shrink the tumor.

Palliative Care :

Focuses on improving quality of life and managing symptoms: while providing comfort and support to patients with advanced cancer.
Often used alongside active cancer treatment: to help patients cope with side effects and maintain a good quality of life.

Newer Approaches :

Gene therapy:Delivering genes to cancer cells to help them function better or to target and destroy them.
Stem cell therapy:Using stem cells to replace damaged cells or to help the immune system fight cancer.
Ablation:Using heat, cold, or other methods to destroy tumors.

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