Stereotactic Radiosurgery

A Comprehensive Guide

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a non-invasive medical procedure that uses precise therapeutic radiation to treat brain tumors, cancers in various body parts, blood vessel malformations, and some neurological conditions. Unlike traditional surgery, SRS requires no incisions. Using advanced 3D imaging, it delivers focused high-dose radiation to targeted areas, damaging the DNA of affected cells and shrinking tumors. Typically, SRS for the brain and spine is completed in a single session.

Alternate Terms for Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Scientific Name: Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Body Tumors: Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT)

Body Areas Treated

SRS can target the brain, nervous system, blood vessels, lungs, and other body parts.

Procedure Type

SRS is a non-invasive radiosurgery technique.

Preparation for Stereotactic Radiosurgery

A treatment plan is developed after diagnostic imaging such as CT or MRI scans to determine the tumor’s location and size. Patients should inform their physician about any implants (e.g., pacemakers, stents) or medications they are taking.

Pre-Treatment Guidelines

Avoid food after midnight before the procedure.
Remove makeup, jewelry, hair products, sunglasses, contact lenses, and dentures.

The Stereotactic Radiosurgery Process

SRS is conducted in four phases:

Head Frame Placement
Tumor Location Imaging
Computerized Dose Planning
Radiation Delivery

Types of SRS Procedures

Gamma Knife Radiosurgery
- A head frame is attached to the skull to restrict movement and guide radiation.
- Imaging (MRI or CT) identifies the tumor’s precise location.
- A treatment plan is developed using specialized software.
- Radiation is delivered, typically in a quiet, painless process lasting up to four hours.
Linear Accelerator Radiosurgery (LINAC)
- Similar to Gamma Knife but may not require a head frame.
- The LINAC gantry rotates around the patient to deliver radiation from various angles.
CyberKnife Radiosurgery
- Utilizes a robotic arm with LINAC technology.
- The treatment can be performed with or without a head frame or mask.

Recovery After Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Most patients resume normal activities shortly after treatment. Follow-up sessions involve monitoring progress through MRI or CT scans. While most treatments require a single session, additional sessions may be needed for persistent lesions.

Tumor Reduction: Patients typically notice a decline in tumor size over 18–24 months.
Follow-Up Care: Regular visits to a radiation oncologist are essential to monitor for recurrence or new cancers.

Post-Procedure Follow-Up

After treatment:

The head frame (if used) is removed, and minor bleeding or tenderness at pin sites may occur.
Medications are administered for headaches, nausea, or vomiting.
Most patients are observed briefly and discharged the same day if no complications arise.

Risks and Side Effects

Side effects are generally mild and temporary. Common symptoms include:

General: Fatigue, swelling, skin irritation (redness, peeling, or blistering).
Neurological: Headaches, seizures, numbness, weakness, or tingling.
Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
Hair and Scalp Issues: Hair loss or scalp sensitivity.

Rare complications may include neurological problems or a slightly increased risk of developing cancer due to radiation exposure.

Conclusion

Stereotactic radiosurgery is a cutting-edge treatment that offers a non-invasive solution for various conditions. With its precision and minimal recovery time, it has become a preferred choice for patients requiring targeted radiation therapy. Regular follow-ups and adherence to post-treatment guidelines ensure the best outcomes.

Neuromodulation

Orthopaedics

Neurosurgery

Spine Care

Neurology